Duties Of Care Police Officers - 2270 Words

Sociolegal Literture To: Rachel Ariss By: Ebonie Arnold 100377354 Course name: Legal Research Methods- LGLS-29404-001 This paper discuss the duties of care police officers owe to citizens in their control (under arrest, in custody), and how these duties of care can best be fulfilled. I will be discussing the good and bad stories of police officers when it comes to them fulfilling their duties, police officers’ duties while on the job, and how they react when there is misconduct. This paper will also be expressing the different ways in which police officers could handle situations better or if it would be different if the person was someone else of a different ethnicity. By the end of this paper the reader would have an understanding on the duties police owe us, the good and bad ways police officers handle cases and a better approach that police officers can take in the future. This paper will prove this by using government documents and articles like the Police Services Act, Quicklaw, COURT OF APPEAL FOR ONTARIO cases. Race is a delicate subject to speak on but it can be posed as a factor of why police officers do not fulfil their duties to society accordingly. There has been a number of cases with black women and men who have been treated horribly in the care of police officers. These citizens have either been injured, or killed when in an officer’s custody. This act would automatically make certain citizens feel unsafe. Police officers are called Peace Officers toShow MoreRelatedDuty Of Care And Failure866 Words   |  4 Pages Duty of Care and Failure to Protect Doctrine and Vehicular Pursuits Cause Lability Issues Under federal civil rights statute and tort negligence, Title 18, U.S. Code, Section 242, government officials can be held liable for damages if the official violates a plaintiff’s constitutional rights under the law (Peak, 2012). For example, if an officer arrests someone unreasonably, the Fourth Amendment guarantees everyone the right to be free of unreasonable seizure and the officer can be charged withRead MoreThe Policing Function At The Local, State, And Federal Organizational Levels Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizational level. Numerous police agency’s and police officials work on a distinctive local, state, and federal level and role. It has its individual area, sectors, and function, and work according to local streets parts inside policing. In order for any local, state, and federal police division to work successfully it must hire chiefs, deputy’s, and sheriffs who retain leadership and who uses creative thinking skills to teach comprehensive, and aggressive instruction to make the police division a tougherRead MoreCan you imagine being a police officer? Risking your life almost every day, always holding the800 Words   |  4 Pagesyou imagine being a police officer? Risking your life almost every day, always holding the power of the law in your hands? Perhaps carrying a gun and having to decide when to use it? Knowing that your actions could have a huge impact on someones life? Knowing that the general populace depends on you for their safety? Now imagine doing this for free. Reserve police officers volunteer their time to work as police officers. They have the same duties in many cases as regular officers, but they work forRead MoreMy Career Of Police Officer1062 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome a police officer. It is not easy to be being police officer because it may result in dangerous situation in police career. But, I don’t care about these things because if people want to become what they want to become in their career, they don’t have to give up in that career. There are no always good chances come in your way. I have mostly inspired by other police because in my family and relatives, nobody became an interest in police. When I walk through the road, I see police helping peopleRead MoreThe Controversial Debate Regarding The Excessive Use Of Force1371 Words   |  6 Pagesarticles, I have gathered information that would prove beyond reasonable doubt that a police officer s duty requires shooting, however this shooting does not imply killing. The articles that I will be using and quoting are What we didn’t know before the James Forcillo Trial by Wendy Gillis, Toronto cop James Forcillo granted bail in fatal TTC shooting by City News, Sammy Yatim Streetcar Shooting: Toronto Police Investigation Leaves Unanswered Questions by The Huffington Post, Toronto cops convictedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Police Officers967 Words   |  4 PagesPolice officers not only have to follow a set of rules and legislation, but they also must behave in a decent manner while on duty as well as off duty. Unfortunately, nobody is perfect, and police officers also make wrong decisions that could jeopardize the integrity of their police department. Often people know something they do is wrong. However, they still do it because they feel no harm will come to them or it they think nobody will ever find out. For instance, cheating on a test is wrong, butRead MoreShould A Police Officer Conduct Affected His J ob?981 Words   |  4 PagesPolicemen not only have to follow a set of rules and legislation, but they also must behave in a decent manner while on duty as well as off duty. Unfortunately, nobody is perfect, and police officers also make wrong decisions that could jeopardize the integrity of their police department. Often people do something that they know is wrong. However, they still do it because they feel no harm will come to them or they think nobody would ever find out. For instance, cheating on a test is wrong, but peopleRead MorePolice Duties On The Private Lives Of New Zealand Police Officers887 Words   |  4 Pagesof New Zealand Police Officers. This article studied the impact police duties on the lives of rural police officers in comparison to those working in urban areas. A total of 16 officers from the national police force of New Zealand were interviewed; 7 were from urban areas, and 9 whom worked in rural assignments. The information gleaned from the interviews indicated there are significantly different impacts on the lives of police officers between the two areas. Rural officers felt a heightenedRead MoreDisagreement Will Be Protected By Law As Well As Organization1466 Words   |  6 Pages(S.D. Fla. 2011), and how to evade liability issue. Scenario 1 (Filing a Police Report): Ms. Tree a local of Lee, Florida filed a complaint. Ms. Tree has been arrested for many criminal acts. Ms. Tree complained that after being released on December 3, 2012, somebody broke into the house while been incarcerated in the May jail. Police was called to come to the subject home. Ms. Tree stated, â€Å"The officer did not get out of the car and did not record the information right.† Also, Ms. TreeRead MoreA Brief Note On Pollock s Ethical Dilemma And Decisions945 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibility. The great power part has not been as considerable of a problem as the great responsibility has because as police officers start off at the academy, they quickly recognize the authority they will shortly have. The past and known data has revealed to us that a lot of these officers do demonstrate great control and responsibility, but there is a fraction of officers who are corrupt in many sorts of ways that have conveyed inspe ction and absence of faith in law enforcement all over America

Essay on Linking Eating Disorders With Genetics - 1871 Words

While Bulimia is known by many names, the term â€Å"bulimia† did not enter the English language until the 1970s, â€Å"perhaps representing lingering uncertainty about its essence† (Gordon, 2000). Bulimia, as we know it, is a modern disease, however, there is some evidence of binging and purging in ancient times; for example, in ancient Egypt, â€Å"physicians would recommend periodical purgation as a health practice† (Gordon, 2000). There has also been documentation of wealthy families in the middle ages vomiting during meals in order to continue eating large amounts of food. At this point, you may be wondering why these examples are not considered Bulimia Nervosa. According to Dr. Richard Allan Gordon, author of Eating Disorders: Anatomy of a Social†¦show more content†¦It is now defined as â€Å"Recurring episodes of eating significantly more food in a short period of time than most people would eat under similar circumstances, with episodes marked by feelings of lack of control.†¦ The person may have feelings of guilt, embarrassment, or disgust and may binge eat alone to hide the behavior†. It is important to note that there is a difference between over-eating and binge-eating, while over-eating is a recognizable problem for many people, â€Å"binge-eating is much less common, far more severe, and associated with significant physiological and psychological problems† (DSM 5). Binge Eating Disorder is similar to Bulimia Nervosa in that we see episodes of eating large amounts of food, the difference being that there is no purging after the binging episode. It is seen highly among obese patients, but, perhaps due to a reluctance to relate obesity with an eating disorder, it was not recognized as distinct from Bulimia Nervosa until the early 1990s (Gordon, 2000). Some of the first documented cases of Anorexia Nervosa were religious in origin. As early as the 12th century we saw women, particularly in Western Chri stianity, known as â€Å"Miracle Maidens† who were highly esteemed for their self-control, their â€Å"holy anorexia† was thought of as a gift from God. Some scholars have stated â€Å"the intense relationshipShow MoreRelatedWeight Obsession Affects Millions Of Teenagers Today1179 Words   |  5 Pagesone out of every seven women has or is struggling with an eating disorder. One study a few years ago found that 36% of adolescent girls believed they were overweight while 59% were trying to lose weight (Eating Disorders in Teens, n.d.). Up to 30 million people of all ages and genders suffer from an eating disorder (anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder) in the United States. Ninety-five percent of those who have eating disorders are between the ages of 12 and 25 (ANAD, 2015). InfluencedRead MoreIn The Last 100 Years There Were Major Challenges In The1688 Words   |  7 Pageslack of international consensus on diagnostic categories for mental disorders between t he most used manuals the (ICD) international classification of diseases and (DSM) diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders which are still elusive until now and still struggle to fulfil its purpose (Hickie, Scott McGorry, 2013) as both of them depends on observation of mainly middle-aged people with persistent mental disorders although most mental illnesses begin before the age of 25 years Read MoreTMF Case Study1004 Words   |  5 Pagesweeks or months with basic home therapy. Following simple remedies like eating soft foods, applying ice or moist heat, and avoiding extreme jaw movements may aid in easing symptoms. According to the NIH, because more studies are needed on the safety and effectiveness of most treatments for jaw joint and muscle disorders, experts strongly recommend using the most  conservative, reversible treatments possible. Although TMJ disorders have become persistent, most patients still do not need any aggressiveRead MoreAnalysis of Articl e No, You Shouldn’t Fear GMO Corn by Jon Entine575 Words   |  3 Pagesyet-to-be-identified allergens that our government’s monitoring program, compromised by industry, is not designed to pick up. The evidence Shetterly provided was the subsidence of her symptoms of eosinophilic disorder after she stripped all corn from her diet, which convinced her the cause-and-effect between eating genetically modified corn and the allergic reactions. She tried to prove her arguments by interviewing a range of scientists who, according to Shetterly, appeared to confirm her premise. Entine defendsRead MoreAddiction1674 Words   |  7 Pagesto a learned behavior. Understanding how genetics play a part in addiction lends to further understanding of how susceptible a person may be to becoming addicted. Because rats have many similarities to human biology, science once again turns to these creatures to study the link between genetics and addiction. Through a process called â€Å"otholog mapping†, scientists have discovered 2,343 items of evidence linking 1,500 human genes to addiction. When genetic coding is then paired on a molecular levelRead MoreA Discussion of Disco Di1712 Words   |  7 Pagestraumatic event and have been interfering with her life ever since. I agree with the diagnosis that Disco Di was given which was an Axis I diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Axis II diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). This paper is going to explain why I agree with these diagnoses as well as genetic and cultural factors and treatment method for them. Diagnostic Features/Differential Diagnosis I support the diagnostic conclusions associated with Disco Di because theRead MoreWhy Gmos Should Not Be Allowed From The General Food Supply2039 Words   |  9 Pagesshould not be allowed in the General Food Supply. What are GMOs? GMO stands for genetically modified organism, an organism that has had its genes or genetic makeup changed or alter in some way in a research lab. Two ways that scientist accomplish this is through either gene cloning or protein engineering (Phillips, Teresa p.1). Tampering with the genetics of any species, particularly one that we consume into our bodies has unknown effects that have not been completely research enough. We do not knowRead MorePsychology, Trait Theory And The Study Of Human Personality Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesskewing a normal distribution.[10] However, when they are high, there is considerable overlap with psychiatric conditions such as antisocial and schizoid personality disorders. Similarly, high scorers on neuroticism are more susceptible to sleep and psychosomatic disorders.[11] Five factor approaches can also predict future mental disorders.[12][13] Lower-order factors[edit] Similarities between lower-order factors for psychoticism and the facets of openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (fromRead MoreA Short Note On Opioid Addictive Brain Disease1663 Words   |  7 PagesAddictive brain disease is epigenetic in nature, meaning that in addition to genetic predisposition, environmental exposures aid in the progression of the disease. The pleasurable effects of opioids create a conditioned association within the affected person, which can be triggered by person, places, or things. Compulsive behaviors develop to recreate the pleasurable feelings thus leading to addictive personality behavior disorders. The mesolimbic reward system undergoes neurobiological alteration withRead More The Role of Stress in the Development of Bulimia Essay2410 Words   |  10 PagesThe Role of Stress in the Development of Bulimia During the past few decades, Western culture has witnessed an enormous explosion in the number of eating disorders reported among young women. One such type of eating disorder is Butimia Nervosa. According to the DSM-IV criteria it is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating, in which the person experiences a feeling of loss of control,and recurrent compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain. Both of these behaviors occur

Effective Implementation Motivate Language -Myassigmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Effective Implementation Motivate Language? Answer: Introduction The aim of the following reflective analysis is to identify two of the most important areas of personal attributes that possesses a scope for improvement and moreover increases the communication effectiveness of the person. The large number of different diagnostic tools and feedbacks will be used in this study so that my own ability regarding the creation and maintenance of a good workplace is maintained. The very first section of the following study will be evaluating the diagnostic tools, their analysis and findings along with two of the communication issues as identified by me. The literature review comes in the second part of the issue and will concentrate on the different aspects of communication. Tools related to Communication Workplace Communication is one of the most important task for the business organizations as because an efficient communication structure helps to operate the business in the most productive way. The workers of the organization feel empowered as well as satisfied if they can communicate quite clearly with the people in all the levels of the management. This means that the workers or the employees will provide the best work when they are able to communicate freely and effectively with all the members in the management structure of the organization (Ulmer, Sellnow Seeger, 2017). The researcher has selected a set of five different communication tools for this particular study. They are; Self Perceived Communication Competence Scale- The following scale helps us to identify whether there is a certain lack of assertive type of skills which may hinder in fulfilling the potential of a person or act as a barrier to achieve the goals of the organization. The potential to articulate, control and communicate an individuals own belief, opinions and desires in a proper, direct and polite manner is termed as assertiveness. The assertive style of communication generally comprises of three important communication styles namely passive, aggressive and assertive. The communication can be termed as passive at the time when the individual begins to avoid expressing the common thoughts and beliefs. Whereas the aggressive communicator will express himself in such a way that it may violate the rights of the other persons. Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension- Interpersonal Communication is utmost important for each and every business organization. The presence of interpersonal communication skills of the employees helps the organizations to reach the pillar of success. Apart from the success of the organization the development of interpersonal skills within a particular person helps the person to develop his career. The interpersonal communication tests thus mainly depend on self reports. Thus to answer the questions of a particular test with utmost precision and honesty. The test questions if answered honestly will help to give the exact results that are needed for the development of the personality skills of a person. The test helps to improve the weakness of the person. Non-Verbal Immediacy Scale Self Report- The particular communication tool helps to assist the individuals of their own styles of communication and also the style of communication that are used by others. This particular type of test is the best way to start the improvisation of the communication skills of ones own self. Analyzer, relaters, socializers and director are the four different types of communication skills that can be identified from this particular type of communication tool (Ulmer, Sellnow Seeger, 2017). The questions asked in this particular tool mainly revolve around the communication habits of the different individuals and the experience that they have gathered in the past. This further helps to display the knowledge levels and the different strengths in the communication styles of the person. Personal report of Public Speaking Anxiety- This process mainly helps a particular person to understand one as well as others. The following test was introduced in the year 1955 by psychologist Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham and is used for self help group or for the different corporate groups. The following test consists of ffour different rooms namely; Room 1- Arena or Open consisting of the different traits that the people themselves perceive or the other persons perceive about them. Room 2- Faade or the hidden aspects which he himself thinks he has but the other persons have no idea about such a trait Room 3- Blind Spot are those aspects that the peer himself selects as a character trait but the others do not perceive such a trait Room 4- Unknown is those aspects that are completely not selected by the person himself as well as the other persons. Talkaholic Scale- The particular type of communication tool can be best described as the skill based tool that assists the individual in different factors like that of listening, writing, speaking and reading as well. The particular test can provide the test takers with the sender and the receiver. Findings of the Tools Findings from the Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale- The result of this particular test showed that I am opinionated. I often feel hesitated to address the issues which i feel is important for the other persons to know. However I often let others know if I do not agree to some decisions. Findings from Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension- The result of this test reflected my strong insight. This particular skill helps me to understand what others are trying to say or mean through their words or behaviours. Findings from Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report- The following result showed a score of just 40% in kinstetic presence. The low score however does not stop me to talk too much about my viewpoint to the others. Findings from Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety- My facade side showed that there are many people who know the unknown side of me. However I am quite confident, energetic, helpful and skilful enough. Findings from Talkaholic Scale- The score from this test indicates that though i am an able communicator but still there are times when i feel hesitated to express my inner feelings to others around me. Communicative Issues On the successful completion of the tests, it was clear to me that I have two main communicative issues. The primary one is the absence of a proper active participation in the communication and the secondary being the lack of active listening. However the results of the test has revealed that I am quite good in communicating but the problem lies in the absence of proper attention to the contents of the management that I receive or send. This happens due to some reason or the other (Passera, Kankaanranta Louhiala-Salminen, 2017). The basic reason is my lack of patience. Every time I am in a hurry to put forward my opinion before listening to them or understanding the gravity of the situation. Listening is perhaps one of the most important tools of engaging in a healthy communication style. It is important for me to be patient, listen actively the contents of the message and then put forward my opinion. Such a style will help me to establish an effective, smart and intelligent communi cation response. Professional Interaction A new male employee was recruited in the organization just a few days back. He was efficient enough and understand the basic tasks of the organizations but he seriously lacked the basic computer skills which was utmost important to carry forward with all the different tasks of the organization. In the team I along with the other team members are quite efficient with this particular skill. But as I have mentioned earlier my lack of proactive participation has been a negative force that have worked against me. I was unable to train the new employee on my own as I was not confident of teaching a new employee based on my own skills (Kaul, 2014). It was my under achievement as I waited for the management to assign the responsibility to someone else from the team. I had an interactive session with the management team on the earlier month. But later I recognized that I was in so much hurry that the most of the time I kept on speaking without letting the others speak and thus failed to recognize the different important points of the management (Holmes Parker, 2017). The time when one of the members from the management team with whom I was interacting asked me to say something on a particular aspect of marketing I could not answer.. This does not prove myself to be unmindful it was totally my fault that I failed to garner the inputs properly as I was too much busy with my own points. Proactive Communication In the different workplace situations, proactive behavior is termed to the individuals when they initiate behaviors, which are anticipatory in nature. In the business organizations a lot of circumstances occur when one needs to act in advance with different future situations which implies more than just rising up to the occasions and providing a particular viewpoint or provide suggestions or feedback (Evans et al. 2015). The following types of behavior involves in taking charge of the situations and make things happen rather to wait for the things to happen and be in place. The employees of the organization can further be more active in their own roles and responsibilities by means of changing their way of performing their job to become more efficient in what they try to do. Many a experts have claimed that proactive behavior is associated with well being and a constant social support. The pro active behavior of the employee is needed because it helps the particular employee to be a part of the organization. Such a behavior of an employee is directly related to their innovative behavior as well as their involvement in their job. Listening Listening is one of the most important skill that a person must possess to leave a mark in the organization. However every person or the employees of the organization have listening skills but proactive listening skills is possessed by a selected few individuals. The presence of a listening skill helps the person to establish a powerful rapport with the employees, management as well as the clients and the suppliers of the organization. The major difference however lies in the listening skills and the hearing skills of an employee. Hearing is somewhat accidental or a natural response of the brain towards any sound (Dolan, 2017). On contrary listening involves additional skill as because it needs the person or the employee to be active to listen to the correct points. Listening can be termed as the skill of a person to understand as well as deliver the perfect and effective response to verbal communication. There are often different situations that need special listening skills (Drucker, 2017). Thus to become a good listener the person needs to practice as well as imitate the skills of other good listeners. The development of listening skill will help the person to develop his own productivity which will reflect a positive trait of his own career. Such a development of the employee can help the organization to be more productive and thus itt can easily achieve the goals set by the management. Theoretical perspectives of communication Psychological- The psychological viewpoint refers that communication is not only about the flow of information from the sender to the receiver rather it is the thought of being send or the feeling of receiving the message. Mechanistic- According to this particular viewpoint communication is nothing but a transformation of information from one person to the other person or the communicator to the receiver. Social- The social viewpoint states that communication is an outcome of the relation between the sender and the receiver. Therefore as per the viewpoint communication is determined by the content of the speech that is the way in which the people communicates with one another (DeBenedectis et al. 2017). Systematic- The systematic viewpoint highlights the importance of communication in real and a new message that is constructed when different people perceive or communicate in their own unique way and interpret the communication of the others with whom they communicate to reach to a conclusion that is accepted by all. Critical- The critical viewpoint refers that for survival every living organism needs to communicate with one another as well as between themselves. This is because communication is the most important need for the survival in the world. Models of Communication Schramms Model is one of the best communication models that is used widely in the modern world by many of the organizations. He stated that communication is based upon three of the main elements namely resources, communication and most importantly a particular direction. The following Accounting of communication diversifies the different parts of the communication and thus helps to segregate the particular segment which guides the communication channel (Bove, Thill Raina, 2016). However many of the experts have suggested that the following type of model is a constant process that needs non intervention cooperation among the individuals of the organization. Aristotles Model Aristotles model was derived by Aristotle himself. He was a Greek thinker and philosopher who derived a lot of different theories and models. The communication model derived by him referred communication as something that consists of a loudspeaker, message and a listener. This theory explains that the particular person who is there at the end of the communication process plays the most crucial role as he or she is the one who decides whether communication will be taking place or not. Interpersonal behavior theory Triandis introduced this theory of interpersonal behavior where he has clearly stated that both emotions as well as social factors are essential for intentions in communication. Moreover, in his theory he has also emphasized on an individuals past behavior on their present. Therefore, what he has tried to convey through this theory is that communicative behavior depends mainly on the intention of the speaker and on the habitual response. The situation also plays an important more for a successive communicative behavior because the intension of the speaker will depend as well as influenced by the social and affective factors. He further added that cognitive limitations as well as emotional drives have an impact on interpersonal behavior. Moreover, moral belief has also a role to play while communicating because situations are mainly asserted by social factors along with the behaviors of the communicators. References Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal Relationships-E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Bove, C. L., Thill, J. V., Raina, R. L. (2016). Business communication today. Pearson Education India. DeBenedectis, C. M., Gauguet, J. M., Makris, J., Brown, S. D., Rosen, M. P. (2017). Coming out of the dark: a curriculum for teaching and evaluating radiology residents communication skills through simulation.Journal of the American College of Radiology,14(1), 87-91. Dolan, R. (2017). Branding yourself effective communication skills.FEMS microbiology letters,364(2). Drucker, P. F. (2017).What Makes an Effective Executive (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Review Press. Evans, J. J., Van Epps, A. S., Smith, M. T., Matei, S. A., Garcia, E. (2015, June). A transdisciplinary approach for developing effective communication skills in a first year STEM seminar. InProc. 122nd ASEE Annu. Conf. Expo.(pp. 26-127). Holmes, W. T., Parker, M. A. (2017). Communication: Empirically testing behavioral integrity and Accounting as antecedents for the effective implementation of motivating language.International Journal of Business Communication,54(1), 70-82. Kaul, A. (2014).Effective business communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Passera, S., Kankaanranta, A., Louhiala-Salminen, L. (2017). Diagrams in contracts: Fostering understanding in global business communication.IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication,60(2), 118-146. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2017).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications.

Transportation in Elizabethan England Research Ppr Essay Example

Transportation in Elizabethan England Research Ppr Paper Woodward Academy Quotation Notebook Spring Semester, Second Quarter Huston T. Collings English 8H-2 March 29, 2010 Collings 1 Transportation is one of the most important parts of society today and even five hundred years ago. In Elizabethan England, travel was very basic, just feet, hooves, and wheels on cobblestone streets (Singman 86). Ships were also very important to travel and colonization, for England is an island nation (Time Life Ed. 132). Many towns were put on navigable rivers just to make travel easier because many people in this time used rivers and oceans for transportation and sometimes delivery of goods (Singman 85). The most important components of transportation in Elizabethan England were land travel, sea travel, and streets. The first, land travel, was not very effective. Usually people had no need to travel, so most travelling was for professional or military reasons; but, during the Elizabethan era, tourism had evolved, and many people started to travel for fun. Most people would just walk on foot to places nearby. Usually if one was traveling by foot, one would only make about 12 miles per day, and this is why people would use horses. Horses could travel up to four times more than walking alone (Singman 89-91). We will write a custom essay sample on Transportation in Elizabethan England Research Ppr specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Transportation in Elizabethan England Research Ppr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Transportation in Elizabethan England Research Ppr specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If one saw the average English family traveling by horse, the man would ride on a horse; and the women and children would ride on baby horses (Dodd 142). When people were in a hurry, they would travel by post. To travel by post, people had to rent Collings 2 horses at each post-house set up along their route. If they were traveling alone, they would also have to hire a boy to take the horse back to the last post-house. This was originally meant for royal business only, but many wealthy people liked to ride by post because they could cover up to seven imes more ground than they could with a horse alone (Singman 89). Only the very rich would rent coaches or carts (Dodd 143). This was not a very good means of transportation because the coaches had no springs and made an extremely rough ride with cobblestone streets and unpaved roads (Singman 89). Long rides in coaches were sometimes even described as a â€Å"bone-jarring experience [especially] on rough Elizabethan road ways. †(W agner 306-307) Since the roads outside London were so bad, coaches were mainly used in London for short distances because the ride was so rough (Wagner 306-307). One of the very important parts to land transportation was delivery of goods. This was very important to the economy as well as the well-being of the English people because if they did not receive needed goods, they could not survive. Carts could carry massive volumes of goods, but packhorses could only handle about two hundred pounds (Singman 89). Since the roads were very dangerous from highwaymen and footpads, or robbers on foot, many travelled in bands of men with weapons handy to protect their goods (Dodd 145). Overall, this all shows that land travel was not the best way to travel in Elizabethan England. Collings 3 Next, there was another way to travel for people in Elizabethan England that was much more effective and efficient, sea travel (Dodd 157). In fact, many towns were put on navigable rivers to make travel easier (Singman 85). Although only one fourth of the ships were general merchant and trading ships and the rest were military ships, they still vastly helped England get many exotic goods and more land. Before anyone did any exploration past the surrounding oceans of England, many told myths that one would be swallowed up by a whirlpool if one sailed past the English seas; and, if one made it past that, one would crash on an island infested with demons. Later, some found that these myths were false, but others still believed them (Dodd 157). During this period, affordable bridges had not been invented yet so the only way to get across the larger rivers, like the Thames, one had to ride â€Å"wherries† or boats that carried people across rivers (Singman 90). In medieval and Elizabethan England, there were few ships that the king or queen actually owned. When they needed to move troops across sea or fight wars on water, the king or queen â€Å"collected a navy from port towns that owed [them] ships as part of their feudal service and from merchants who leased [them] their trade vessels† (Wagner 205). Commercial ships of the time would mainly carry a few guns, and war ships were very similar except they were narrower, and some of the larger ones could get much bigger than any commercial ship (Singman 90). Most ships had three masts, but some could have one or two and were made for trade. There were hundreds of names for different ships including pinnaces, Collings 4 barks, and galleons. A merchant ship of about one hundred feet would have exceeded two hundred tons of carrying capacity. Most English ships were built in England, but some were acquired from abroad by purchase, capture, or legal seizure (Friel). Whenever a person had to travel across seas, there were no passenger ships so one would have to rent passage on a cargo ship. All ships were very slow if traveling by sail and would only go about four to six knots (Singman 90-91). Queen Elizabeth changed the boats for warfare and made them platforms for large guns instead of platforms for troops (Wagner 206). Life at sea was very hazardous. A person aboard a ship was always at risk of a pirate attack, a Spanish attack, and disease. Bigger ships were much better at surviving an attack because they had more guns and men. As for diseases, every man was at risk. In a ship, there were cabins for senior officers, and normal sailors had to sleep in tight and bad conditions. In warships there would be hammocks, but this was rare for any other type of ship. Kitchens were deep in the ship, extremely rudimentary, and sometimes known as the unhealthiest part of a ship. They only served salted beef, pork and fish, cheese, pease, a baked vegetable dish made with split yellow peas, spices, and ham or bacon, butter, and hardtack with a mug of beer. Rats were very common on ships even if the ship was kept as clean as it could get. When they died and Collings 5 secreted wastes, they made a horrible smell on board. The kitchen conditions and rats helped diseases spread rapidly (Friel). Overall, if one was willing to take the risks, sea travel proved to be much more effective than all other types of travel of the time. The last and arguably the most important part of travel in the Elizabethan era were streets. They were known as a right for people to go in the queen’s land. England had no national road system, just hopeful injunctions. Many streets were dangerous to travel on because of the highwaymen and footpads that were on the roads ready to attack (Dodd 140-145). Most streets were just gravel or dirt, but some were paved or cobbled. Dirt streets would become a sea of mud when bad storms came and made travel extremely hard. Cobbled and paved roads were very rare and mainly found in London. In 1543, the government wanted the streets to become better; therefore, they forced homeowners to pay for the pavement of the streets on which they lived (Picard 30-31). Many of the streets were narrow and crooked and evolved from footpaths in medieval towns. Some were carefully directed, but most were not wide at all. They became very murky at night, and some were lighted but only because of a homeowners concern, not the government. The street conditions were absolutely horrible, and the only way to get very far was by horse (McMurtry 95-110). On Leicestershire roads, â€Å"‘you enter the deep clays, which are so Collings 6 surprisingly soft, that it is perfectly frightful to travelers. ’†(Williams 2-3) Roads were noisome and tedious to travel on and were often just a foul and noyful slough (Williams 2-3). Streets were very hard to keep in an average condition. The English government left upkeep of roads up to a local parish according to the Act of 1555. Each parish was elected as a volunteer surveyor for a one year term. After the elections, each parish had to work on the roads within his or her area for eight hours a day, four days in a row. Every single owner of land had to fix their carts and keep up with their oxen and horses. Then they had to help the parish and fix up the roads with their own spades, picks, and mattocks, but they were allowed to hire two laborers to help them (Dodd 140). Streets were generally awful and hard to travel on but without them land travel would have been pretty much impossible. Land travel, sea travel, and streets are the most important factors of transportation in Elizabethan England. Even though land transportation was very basic, just feet, hooves, and wheels, it was important to the Elizabethan lifestyle (Singman 86). Sea transportation was even more important because without it and colonization, America would not have been discovered (Time Life Ed 132). Transportation has been in use ever since the first man could walk and has always played a major role in helping society. Collings 7 Works Cited Dodd, A. H. Life in Elizabethan England. Ruthin: Jones, 1962. Friel, Ian. â€Å"Guns, Gales God. † Vol. 60 Issue 1 http://www. historytoday. com/MainArticle. aspx? m=33787. History Today, 2010. McMurtry, Jo. Understanding Shakespeare’s England. Hamden: Archon, 1989. Picard, Liza. Elizabeth’s London. London: St. Martin’s, 2003. Singman, Jeffrey L. The Life and Times of Elizabethan England. Westport: Greenwood, 1995. Time Life Ed. What Life was Like in the Realm of Elizabeth. Alexandria: Time Life, 1998. Wagner, John A. Historical Dictionary of the Elizabethan World. Phoenix: Oryx 1984. Williams, Penry. Life in Tudor England. New York: Capricorn, 1964.